Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Blood Type shopping experience:

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4. Questions - Got a question about Blood Type then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

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8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Blood Type site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

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10. Payment - ready to pay for your Blood Type, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of Inheritance antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system, and some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of Cell (biology)#Eukaryotic cellss of various Tissue (biology).Several of these red blood cell surface antigens, that stem from one allele (or very closely linked genes), collectively form a blood group system.

The harmful Immune system effects of mismatched blood transfusions are much more likely to involve components of the ABO blood group system or the RhD antigen (also known as the Rhesus factor or Rhesus D antigen) of the Rhesus blood group system than components any of the other blood group systems; hence, in the routine preparation of blood for transfusion in a blood bank, the presence or absence the immunogenic blood group antigens, the A antigen, the B antigen and the RhD antigen are always determined for all recipient and donor blood. This identifies the ABO blood group system blood group and the RhD antigen status, which are both stated in the common terminology A positive, O negative, etc., where a capital letter (A, B or O) refers to the ABO blood group, and positive or negative refers to the presence or absence of the RhD antigen of the Rhesus blood group system. In the routine preparation and selection of Blood donor blood for blood transfusion, it is not necessary to determine the status of any other blood group antigens or antibodies, because Coombs test#Indirect Coombs test and cross-matching (or computer aided simulated cross-matching) prior to transfusion detects if there are any other blood group incompatibilities between potential donor blood and intended recipients.

If an individual is exposed to a blood group antigen that is not recognised as self, the immune system will produce Antibody that can specifically bind to that particular blood group antigen and an immunological memory against that antigen is formed. The individual will have become sensitized to that blood group antigen. These antibodies can bind to antigens on the surface of transfused red blood cells (or other tissue cells) often leading to destruction of the cells by recruitment of other components of the immune system. When IgM antibodies bind to the transfused cells, the transfused cells can clump. It is vital that compatible blood is selected for transfusions and that compatible tissue is selected for organ transplantation. Transfusion reactions involving minor antigens or weak antibodies may lead to minor problems. However, more serious incompatibilities can lead to a more vigorous immune response with massive Hemolysis, Hypotension, and even death.

Blood types are Biological inheritance and represent contributions from both parents. Often, Pregnancy women carry a fetus with a different blood type from their own, and sometimes the mother forms antibodies against the red blood cells of the fetus, which causes hemolysis of fetal RBCs, and which in turn can lead to Anemia, a condition known as hemolytic disease of the newborn. Some blood types are associated with inheritance of other diseases; for example, the Kell antigen system is associated with McLeod syndrome.Allen FH Jr, Krabbe SM, Corcoran PA. ''A new phenotype (McLeod) in the Kell blood-group system.'' Vox Sang. 1961 Sep;6:555-60. PMID 13477267 Certain blood types may affect susceptibility to infections, an example being the resistance to specific malaria species seen in individuals lacking the [Duffy antigen.Miller LH, Mason SJ, Clyde DF, McGinniss MH. "The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy." ''N Engl J Med.'' 1976 Aug 5;295(6):302-4 PMID 778616The Duffy antigen, presumedly as a result of [natural selection, is less common in ethnic groups from areas with a high incidence of malaria. |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1224522#N0x904fbd0.0x92f5ba8 |accessdate=2006-11-16 -->"The different geographic distributions of α thalassemia, G6PD deficiency, ovalocytosis, and the Duffy-negative blood group are further examples of the general principle that different populations have evolved different genetic variants to protect against malaria".

The two most significant blood group systems were discovered during early experiments with blood transfusion: the ABO blood group system in 1901Landsteiner K. ''Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe.'' Zentralblatt Bakteriologie 1900;27:357-62. and the Rhesus blood group system in [.Landsteiner K, Wiener AS. ''An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for rhesus blood.'' Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1940;43:223-224. Development of the Coombs test in [,Coombs RRA, Mourant AE, Race RR. ''A new test for the detection of weak and "incomplete" Rh agglutinins.'' Brit J Exp Path 1945;26:255-66. the advent of [transfusion medicine, and the understanding of [hemolytic disease of the newborn led to discovery of more blood groups. Today, a total of 29 [human blood group systems are recognized by the [International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT).{{cite web |url=http://blood.co.uk/ibgrl/ISBT%20Pages/ISBT%20Terminology%20Pages/Table%20of%20blood%20group%20systems.htm |title=Table of blood group systems |accessdate=2006-11-14 |year=2006 |month=October |publisher=International Society of Blood Transfusion --> A complete blood type would describe a full set of 29 substances on the surface of RBCs, and an individual's blood type is one of the many possible combinations of blood group antigens. Across the 29 blood groups, over 600 different blood group antigens have been found,{{cite web |url=http://www.newenglandblood.org/medical/rare.htm |title=American Red Cross Blood Services, New England Region, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont |accessdate=2006-11-14 |year=2001 |publisher=American Red Cross Blood Services - New England Region |quote=there are more than 600 known antigens besides A and B that characterize the proteins found on a person's red cells --> but many of these are very rare or are mainly found in certain ethnic groups. Almost always, an individual has the same blood group for life; but very rarely, an individual's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in [infection, [malignancy or [autoimmune disease.{{cite book and in [paternity testing, but both of these uses are being replaced by [DNA#DNA in practice, which provides greater certitude.

Blood group systems

ABO blood group system The ABO system is the most important blood group system in human blood transfusion. The associated anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies are usually "Immunoglobulin M", abbreviated IgM, antibodies. ABO IgM antibodies are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria and viruses. The "O" in ABO is often called "0" (zero/null) in other languages.{]! width ="100"|Genotype|-| A || AA or AO|-| B || BB or BO|-| AB || AB|-| O || OO|}

Rhesus blood group system The Rhesus system is the second most significant blood group system in human blood transfusion. The most significant Rhesus antigen is the RhD antigen because it is the most immunogenic of the five main rhesus antigens. It is common for RhD negative individuals not to have any anti-RhD IgG or IgM antibodies, because anti-RhD antibodies are not usually produced by sensitization against environmental substances. However, RhD negative individuals can produce IgG anti-RhD antibodies following a sensitizing event: possibly a fetomaternal transfusion of blood from a fetus in pregnancy or occasionally a blood transfusion with RhD positive Red blood cells.

ABO and Rh distribution by nation {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 45em; text-align:center"|+ABO and Rh blood type distribution by nation (averages for each population)|- style="width: 9%"! style="width: 28%; text-align: left" | Population! O+ !! A+ !! B+ !! AB+ !! O− !! A− !! B− !! AB−|-! style="text-align: left" | Australia Blood Types - What Are They?, Australian Red Cross| 40% || 31% || 8% || 2% || 9% || 7% || 2% || 1%|-! style="text-align: left" | Belgium Rode Kruis Wielsbeke - Blood Donor information material| 38.1% || 34% || 8.5% || 4.1% || 7% || 6% || 1.5% || 0.8%|-! style="text-align: left" | Canada Types & Rh System, Canadian Blood Services| 39% || 36% || 7.6% || 2.5% || 7% || 7% || 1.4% || 0.5%|-! style="text-align: left" | Denmark Frequency of major blood groups in the Danish population.| 35% || 37% || 8% || 4% || 6% || 7% || 2% || 1%|-! style="text-align: left" | Finland Suomalaisten veriryhmäjakauma| 27% || 38% || 15% || 7% || 4% || 6% || 2% || 1%|-! style="text-align: left" | France| 36% || 37% || 9% || 3% || 6% || 7% || 1% || 1%|-! style="text-align: left" | Hong Kong, China Blood Donation, Hong Kong Red Cross| 40% || 26% || 27% || 7% || |-! Recipient! colspan="8" | Donor|-!! O-! O+! A-! A+! B-! B+! AB-! AB+|-! O-| style="width:3em" | O-| style="width:3em" || style="width:3em" || style="width:3em" || style="width:3em" || style="width:3em" || style="width:3em" || style="width:3em" ||-! O+| O-| O+|||||||-! A-| O-|| A-||||||-! A+| O-| O+| A-| A+|||||-! B-| O-|||| B-||||-! B+| O-| O+||| B-| B+|||-! AB-| O-|| A-|| B-|| AB-||-! AB+| O-| O+| A-| A+| B-| B+| AB-| AB+|}Table note
1. Assumes absence of any atypical antibodies that would cause an incompatibility between donor and recipient blood

A RhD negative patient who does not have any anti-RhD antibodies (never being previously sensitized to RhD positive RBCs) can receive a transfusion of RhD positive blood once, but this would cause sensitization to the RhD antigen, and a female patient would become at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn. If a RhD negative patient has developed anti-RhD antibodies, a subsequent exposure to RhD positive blood would lead to a potentially dangerous transfusion reaction. RhD positive blood should never be given to RhD negative women of childbearing age or to patients with RhD antibodies, so blood banks must conserve Rhesus negative blood for these patients. In extreme circumstances, such as for a major bleed when stocks of RhD negative blood units are very low at the blood bank, RhD positive blood might be given to RhD negative females above child-bearing age or to Rh negative males, providing that they did not have anti-RhD antibodies, to conserve RhD negative blood stock in the blood bank.

The converse is not true; RhD positive patients do not react to RhD negative blood.

Plasma compatibility Donor-recipient compatibility for blood plasma is the converse of that of RBCs. Plasma extracted from type AB blood can be transfused to individuals of any blood group, but type O plasma can be used only by type O recipients.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"|+ Plasma compatibility table! Recipient! colspan="4" | Donor|-! style="width:3em" |! style="width:3em" | O! style="width:3em" | A! style="width:3em" | B! style="width:3em" | AB|-! AB|||| AB|-! A|| A|| AB|-! B||| B| AB|-! O| O| A| B| AB|}

Table note
1. Assumes absence of strong atypical antibodies in donor plasma

Rhesus D antibodies are uncommon, so generally neither RhD negative nor RhD positive blood contain anti-RhD antibodies. If a potential donor is found to have anti-RhD antibodies or any strong atypical blood group antibody by antibody screening in the blood bank, they would not be accepted as a donor; therefore, all donor blood plasma issued by a blood bank can be expected to be free of RhD antibodies and free of other atypical antibodies. Donor plasma issued from a blood bank would be suitable for a recipient who may be RhD positive or RhD negative, as long as blood plasma and the recipient are ABO compatible.

Universal donors and universal recipients With regard to transfusions of whole blood or packed red blood cells, individuals with type O negative blood are often called universal donors, and those with type AB positive blood are called universal recipients. Although blood donors with particularly strong anti-A, anti-B or any atypical blood group antibody are excluded from blood donation, the terms universal donor and universal recipient are an over-simplification, because they only consider possible reactions of the recipient's anti-A and anti-B antibodies to transfused red blood cells, and also possible sensitisation to RhD antigens. The possible reactions of anti-A and anti-B antibodies present in the transfused blood to the recipients RBCs are not considered, because a relatively small volume of plasma containing antibodies is transfused.

By way of example; considering the transfusion of O RhD negative blood (universal donor blood) into a recipient of blood group A RhD positive, an immune reaction between the recipient's anti-B antibodies and the transfused RBCs is not anticipated. However, the relatively small amount of plasma in the transfused blood contains anti-A antibodies, which could react with the A antigens on the surface of the recipients RBCs, but a significant reaction is unlikely because of the dilution factors. Rhesus D sensitisization is not anticipated.

Additionally, red blood cell surface antigens other than A, B and Rh D, might cause adverse reactions and sensitization, if they can bind to the corresponding antibodies to generate an immune response. Transfusions are further complicated because platelets and white blood cells (WBCs) have their own systems of surface antigens, and sensitization to platelet or WBC antigens can occur as a result of transfusion.

With regard to transfusions of Plasma (blood), this situation is reversed. Type O plasma can be given only to O recipients, while AB plasma (which does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies) can be given to patients of any ABO blood group.

Conversion In April 2007 a method was discovered to convert blood types A, B, and AB to O; the method used enzymes.

Popular use The Japanese blood type theory of personality is a popular belief that a person's ABO blood type is predictive of their personality, character, and compatibility with others, according to books by Masahiko Nomi. This belief has carried over to a certain extent in other parts of East Asia such as South Korea and Taiwan. In Japan, asking someone their blood type is considered as normal as asking their astrology sign. It is also common for Japanese-made video games (especially role-playing games) and manga series to include blood type with character descriptions.

The blood type diet is an American system whereby people seek improved health by modifying their food intake and lifestyle according to their ABO blood group and secretor status. This system includes some reference to differences in personality, but not to the extent of the Japanese theory.

See also

References tags ----------------------------------------------------------- -->

Further reading

External links | pages = | language = Japanese-->

A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of Inheritance antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system, and some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of Cell (biology)#Eukaryotic cellss of various Tissue (biology).Several of these red blood cell surface antigens, that stem from one allele (or very closely linked genes), collectively form a blood group system.

The harmful Immune system effects of mismatched blood transfusions are much more likely to involve components of the ABO blood group system or the RhD antigen (also known as the Rhesus factor or Rhesus D antigen) of the Rhesus blood group system than components any of the other blood group systems; hence, in the routine preparation of blood for transfusion in a blood bank, the presence or absence the immunogenic blood group antigens, the A antigen, the B antigen and the RhD antigen are always determined for all recipient and donor blood. This identifies the ABO blood group system blood group and the RhD antigen status, which are both stated in the common terminology A positive, O negative, etc., where a capital letter (A, B or O) refers to the ABO blood group, and positive or negative refers to the presence or absence of the RhD antigen of the Rhesus blood group system. In the routine preparation and selection of Blood donor blood for blood transfusion, it is not necessary to determine the status of any other blood group antigens or antibodies, because Coombs test#Indirect Coombs test and cross-matching (or computer aided simulated cross-matching) prior to transfusion detects if there are any other blood group incompatibilities between potential donor blood and intended recipients.

If an individual is exposed to a blood group antigen that is not recognised as self, the immune system will produce Antibody that can specifically bind to that particular blood group antigen and an immunological memory against that antigen is formed. The individual will have become sensitized to that blood group antigen. These antibodies can bind to antigens on the surface of transfused red blood cells (or other tissue cells) often leading to destruction of the cells by recruitment of other components of the immune system. When IgM antibodies bind to the transfused cells, the transfused cells can clump. It is vital that compatible blood is selected for transfusions and that compatible tissue is selected for organ transplantation. Transfusion reactions involving minor antigens or weak antibodies may lead to minor problems. However, more serious incompatibilities can lead to a more vigorous immune response with massive Hemolysis, Hypotension, and even death.

Blood types are Biological inheritance and represent contributions from both parents. Often, Pregnancy women carry a fetus with a different blood type from their own, and sometimes the mother forms antibodies against the red blood cells of the fetus, which causes hemolysis of fetal RBCs, and which in turn can lead to Anemia, a condition known as hemolytic disease of the newborn. Some blood types are associated with inheritance of other diseases; for example, the Kell antigen system is associated with McLeod syndrome.Allen FH Jr, Krabbe SM, Corcoran PA. ''A new phenotype (McLeod) in the Kell blood-group system.'' Vox Sang. 1961 Sep;6:555-60. PMID 13477267 Certain blood types may affect susceptibility to infections, an example being the resistance to specific malaria species seen in individuals lacking the [Duffy antigen.Miller LH, Mason SJ, Clyde DF, McGinniss MH. "The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy." ''N Engl J Med.'' 1976 Aug 5;295(6):302-4 PMID 778616The Duffy antigen, presumedly as a result of [natural selection, is less common in ethnic groups from areas with a high incidence of malaria. |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1224522#N0x904fbd0.0x92f5ba8 |accessdate=2006-11-16 -->"The different geographic distributions of α thalassemia, G6PD deficiency, ovalocytosis, and the Duffy-negative blood group are further examples of the general principle that different populations have evolved different genetic variants to protect against malaria".

The two most significant blood group systems were discovered during early experiments with blood transfusion: the ABO blood group system in 1901Landsteiner K. ''Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe.'' Zentralblatt Bakteriologie 1900;27:357-62. and the Rhesus blood group system in [.Landsteiner K, Wiener AS. ''An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for rhesus blood.'' Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1940;43:223-224. Development of the Coombs test in [,Coombs RRA, Mourant AE, Race RR. ''A new test for the detection of weak and "incomplete" Rh agglutinins.'' Brit J Exp Path 1945;26:255-66. the advent of [transfusion medicine, and the understanding of [hemolytic disease of the newborn led to discovery of more blood groups. Today, a total of 29 [human blood group systems are recognized by the [International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT).{{cite web |url=http://blood.co.uk/ibgrl/ISBT%20Pages/ISBT%20Terminology%20Pages/Table%20of%20blood%20group%20systems.htm |title=Table of blood group systems |accessdate=2006-11-14 |year=2006 |month=October |publisher=International Society of Blood Transfusion --> A complete blood type would describe a full set of 29 substances on the surface of RBCs, and an individual's blood type is one of the many possible combinations of blood group antigens. Across the 29 blood groups, over 600 different blood group antigens have been found,{{cite web |url=http://www.newenglandblood.org/medical/rare.htm |title=American Red Cross Blood Services, New England Region, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont |accessdate=2006-11-14 |year=2001 |publisher=American Red Cross Blood Services - New England Region |quote=there are more than 600 known antigens besides A and B that characterize the proteins found on a person's red cells --> but many of these are very rare or are mainly found in certain ethnic groups. Almost always, an individual has the same blood group for life; but very rarely, an individual's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in [infection, [malignancy or [autoimmune disease.{{cite book and in [paternity testing, but both of these uses are being replaced by [DNA#DNA in practice, which provides greater certitude.

Blood group systems

ABO blood group system The ABO system is the most important blood group system in human blood transfusion. The associated anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies are usually "Immunoglobulin M", abbreviated IgM, antibodies. ABO IgM antibodies are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria and viruses. The "O" in ABO is often called "0" (zero/null) in other languages.{]! width ="100"|Genotype|-| A || AA or AO|-| B || BB or BO|-| AB || AB|-| O || OO|}

Rhesus blood group system The Rhesus system is the second most significant blood group system in human blood transfusion. The most significant Rhesus antigen is the RhD antigen because it is the most immunogenic of the five main rhesus antigens. It is common for RhD negative individuals not to have any anti-RhD IgG or IgM antibodies, because anti-RhD antibodies are not usually produced by sensitization against environmental substances. However, RhD negative individuals can produce IgG anti-RhD antibodies following a sensitizing event: possibly a fetomaternal transfusion of blood from a fetus in pregnancy or occasionally a blood transfusion with RhD positive Red blood cells.

ABO and Rh distribution by nation {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 45em; text-align:center"|+ABO and Rh blood type distribution by nation (averages for each population)|- style="width: 9%"! style="width: 28%; text-align: left" | Population! O+ !! A+ !! B+ !! AB+ !! O− !! A− !! B− !! AB−|-! style="text-align: left" | Australia Blood Types - What Are They?, Australian Red Cross| 40% || 31% || 8% || 2% || 9% || 7% || 2% || 1%|-! style="text-align: left" | Belgium Rode Kruis Wielsbeke - Blood Donor information material| 38.1% || 34% || 8.5% || 4.1% || 7% || 6% || 1.5% || 0.8%|-! style="text-align: left" | Canada Types & Rh System, Canadian Blood Services| 39% || 36% || 7.6% || 2.5% || 7% || 7% || 1.4% || 0.5%|-! style="text-align: left" | Denmark Frequency of major blood groups in the Danish population.| 35% || 37% || 8% || 4% || 6% || 7% || 2% || 1%|-! style="text-align: left" | Finland Suomalaisten veriryhmäjakauma| 27% || 38% || 15% || 7% || 4% || 6% || 2% || 1%|-! style="text-align: left" | France| 36% || 37% || 9% || 3% || 6% || 7% || 1% || 1%|-! style="text-align: left" | Hong Kong, China Blood Donation, Hong Kong Red Cross| 40% || 26% || 27% || 7% || |-! Recipient! colspan="8" | Donor|-!! O-! O+! A-! A+! B-! B+! AB-! AB+|-! O-| style="width:3em" | O-| style="width:3em" || style="width:3em" || style="width:3em" || style="width:3em" || style="width:3em" || style="width:3em" || style="width:3em" ||-! O+| O-| O+|||||||-! A-| O-|| A-||||||-! A+| O-| O+| A-| A+|||||-! B-| O-|||| B-||||-! B+| O-| O+||| B-| B+|||-! AB-| O-|| A-|| B-|| AB-||-! AB+| O-| O+| A-| A+| B-| B+| AB-| AB+|}Table note
1. Assumes absence of any atypical antibodies that would cause an incompatibility between donor and recipient blood

A RhD negative patient who does not have any anti-RhD antibodies (never being previously sensitized to RhD positive RBCs) can receive a transfusion of RhD positive blood once, but this would cause sensitization to the RhD antigen, and a female patient would become at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn. If a RhD negative patient has developed anti-RhD antibodies, a subsequent exposure to RhD positive blood would lead to a potentially dangerous transfusion reaction. RhD positive blood should never be given to RhD negative women of childbearing age or to patients with RhD antibodies, so blood banks must conserve Rhesus negative blood for these patients. In extreme circumstances, such as for a major bleed when stocks of RhD negative blood units are very low at the blood bank, RhD positive blood might be given to RhD negative females above child-bearing age or to Rh negative males, providing that they did not have anti-RhD antibodies, to conserve RhD negative blood stock in the blood bank.

The converse is not true; RhD positive patients do not react to RhD negative blood.

Plasma compatibility Donor-recipient compatibility for blood plasma is the converse of that of RBCs. Plasma extracted from type AB blood can be transfused to individuals of any blood group, but type O plasma can be used only by type O recipients.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"|+ Plasma compatibility table! Recipient! colspan="4" | Donor|-! style="width:3em" |! style="width:3em" | O! style="width:3em" | A! style="width:3em" | B! style="width:3em" | AB|-! AB|||| AB|-! A|| A|| AB|-! B||| B| AB|-! O| O| A| B| AB|}

Table note
1. Assumes absence of strong atypical antibodies in donor plasma

Rhesus D antibodies are uncommon, so generally neither RhD negative nor RhD positive blood contain anti-RhD antibodies. If a potential donor is found to have anti-RhD antibodies or any strong atypical blood group antibody by antibody screening in the blood bank, they would not be accepted as a donor; therefore, all donor blood plasma issued by a blood bank can be expected to be free of RhD antibodies and free of other atypical antibodies. Donor plasma issued from a blood bank would be suitable for a recipient who may be RhD positive or RhD negative, as long as blood plasma and the recipient are ABO compatible.

Universal donors and universal recipients With regard to transfusions of whole blood or packed red blood cells, individuals with type O negative blood are often called universal donors, and those with type AB positive blood are called universal recipients. Although blood donors with particularly strong anti-A, anti-B or any atypical blood group antibody are excluded from blood donation, the terms universal donor and universal recipient are an over-simplification, because they only consider possible reactions of the recipient's anti-A and anti-B antibodies to transfused red blood cells, and also possible sensitisation to RhD antigens. The possible reactions of anti-A and anti-B antibodies present in the transfused blood to the recipients RBCs are not considered, because a relatively small volume of plasma containing antibodies is transfused.

By way of example; considering the transfusion of O RhD negative blood (universal donor blood) into a recipient of blood group A RhD positive, an immune reaction between the recipient's anti-B antibodies and the transfused RBCs is not anticipated. However, the relatively small amount of plasma in the transfused blood contains anti-A antibodies, which could react with the A antigens on the surface of the recipients RBCs, but a significant reaction is unlikely because of the dilution factors. Rhesus D sensitisization is not anticipated.

Additionally, red blood cell surface antigens other than A, B and Rh D, might cause adverse reactions and sensitization, if they can bind to the corresponding antibodies to generate an immune response. Transfusions are further complicated because platelets and white blood cells (WBCs) have their own systems of surface antigens, and sensitization to platelet or WBC antigens can occur as a result of transfusion.

With regard to transfusions of Plasma (blood), this situation is reversed. Type O plasma can be given only to O recipients, while AB plasma (which does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies) can be given to patients of any ABO blood group.

Conversion In April 2007 a method was discovered to convert blood types A, B, and AB to O; the method used enzymes.

Popular use The Japanese blood type theory of personality is a popular belief that a person's ABO blood type is predictive of their personality, character, and compatibility with others, according to books by Masahiko Nomi. This belief has carried over to a certain extent in other parts of East Asia such as South Korea and Taiwan. In Japan, asking someone their blood type is considered as normal as asking their astrology sign. It is also common for Japanese-made video games (especially role-playing games) and manga series to include blood type with character descriptions.

The blood type diet is an American system whereby people seek improved health by modifying their food intake and lifestyle according to their ABO blood group and secretor status. This system includes some reference to differences in personality, but not to the extent of the Japanese theory.

See also

References tags ----------------------------------------------------------- -->

Further reading

External links | pages = | language = Japanese-->



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A new blood conversion technique could lead to a dramatic increase in the worldwide stocks of blood available for transfusion.

DNA Bioscience - ABO Blood Type Calculator
DNABIOSCIENCE.COM is focused on bringing the ease of paternity testing and other DNA services to the UK and the rest of Europe. Even though labs are outside of the country we take ...

Blood Type Diet
A Review of the pros and cons of the Bloodtype diet including what can be eaten and how you can follow it.

Welcome to BloodPythons.com

The Blood Group Diet Review
The blood group diet says you should eat right for your blood type. Here's dietitian Juliette Kellow's review of the Blood Type Diet.

 

Blood Type



 
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